El Inversor es el corazón de todos los sistemas de potencia en instalaciones de Energía Solar y Energía Renovable, desde el más pequeño hasta el más completo. Es un dispositivo electrónico que convierte la Corriente Directa (DC) proveniente de las baterías o directamente desde los Paneles Solares a Corriente Alterna (AC) para poder alimentar Luces, Electrodomésticos, Aparatos o cualquier dispositivo que funcione con la Energía suministrada por las compañías de electricidad. Existe gran variedad de Inversores y se consiguen de diferentes tamaños y calidad, ofreciendo características que los hacen particulares para aplicaciones específicas.
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Off-Grid Inverters – Chargers
Off-grid, or standalone, inverters convert DC power stored in batteries to AC power that can be used as needed. Select an inverter for your power system based on the maximum load you will be powering, the maximum surge required, AC output voltage required, input battery voltage and optional features needed. High quality standalone inverters are available in sizes from 100 watts, for powering notebook computers and fax machines from your car, to 60 kilowatts, for powering a commercial operation. The size of an inverter is measured by its maximum continuous output in watts.
This rating must be larger than the total wattage of all of the AC loads you plan to run at one time. Wattage of most AC loads can be determined from a tag or label on the appliance, usually located near where the power cord enters, or from the owner’s manual. If the inverter is expected to run induction motors, like the ones found in top loading washers, dryers, dishwashers and large power tools, it must be designed to surge, or deliver power many times its rating for short periods of time while these motors start. Standalone inverters are available with two basic power output waveforms: sine wave, and modified sine wave (the proper term is actually modified square wave, but since modified sine wave is much more commonly used, we use that term in this website).
Grid-tie inverters, dual-function inverters and utility companies deliver a sine wave. Exeltech, Xantrex XW Series, SMA Sunny Island, Magnum MS and OutBack FX inverters are sine wave off-grid inverters. Sine wave inverters have a higher cost, but they can operate almost anything that can be operated on utility power.
Exeltech sine wave inverters are an excellent choice for power systems running audio or telecommunications equipment and other electronics that are waveform-sensitive. The OutBack and Xantrex XW series inverters can be ganged together for up 36 kW of output and can operate off-grid or grid-tie. We now carry Samlex sine wave PST inverters for a lower cost, a small system sine wave alternative.
Xantrex TR series, Magnum, and Samlex PSE inverters have modified sine wave output with harmonic distortion of around 40%. They are an economical choice in power systems where waveform is not critical. Their high surge capacity allows them to start large motors while their high efficiency makes them economical with power when running small loads like a stereo or a small light. They can power most lighting, televisions, appliances and computers very well. Unfortunately, this type of inverter may destroy some rechargeable tools and flashlights, and laser printers and copiers. They may not allow many laser printers, copiers, light dimmers and some variable speed tools tooperate. Equipment with silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) will not operate. Some audio equipment will have a background buzz that may be annoying to music connoisseurs.
Grid-Tie Inverters -Chargers
Grid-tie, or utility intertie, inverters convert DC power from PV modules into AC power to be fed into the utility grid. There are two major types of grid-tie inverters; string inverters and low voltage input inverters.
The SMA Sunny Boy, Fronius and Xantrex GT-3 inverters are string inverters. The name “string” comes from the way the PV modules are wired together, in series to achieve a higher voltage. These inverters are designed to run at voltages up to 600 VDC.
String wiring is faster to install, more efficient and allows the use of smaller gauge wire. DC voltage this high can be very dangerous and life-threatening, so string inverters should be installed and serviced by qualified electricians.
A grid-tie PV system uses the utility company, in effect, as its storage battery. When the sun is shining, your electricity comes from the PV array, via the inverter. If the PV array is generating more power than you are using, the excess is sold to the power utility company through your electric meter, by makingthe meter run backward. When you need more power than the PV array can supply, the utility makes up the difference. This type of system makes the most sense in most cases where you have utility power, because there are no batteries to maintain or replace. Unfortunately, if the utility power goes down, this type of inverter will go off, too, regardless of whether or not the sun is shining.
Dual Function Inverters
Using a dual-function inverter allows you to sell excess power to the utility, and also maintain a battery bank for standby power in the event of a utility power failure. The Xantrex XW series, and the OutBack GFX series inverters are primarily standalone inverters that can function as an intertie inverter at the same time, but with a lower efficiency than an inverter designed for grid-tie only. The new Xantrex XW is a grid-tie inverter designed to provide battery backup when the utility fails. The SMA Sunny Island inverter is designed to work with a Sunny Boy inverter to provide utility intertie (grid-tie) with battery backup.
In a typical installation, the inverter is connected to a battery bank, a sub panel for critical loads that will be powered during a power outage, and the house load center. If the utility is available, the inverter will supply the house loads from the utility. If the utility fails, the inverter will supply power to the loads from the battery. When the utility is available again, the inverter will switch the loads back to the utility, and recharge the batteries. If the batteries become fully charged by another power source, such as photovoltaic modules or a wind or hydroelectric generator, excess power may be sold back to the utility in locations where net metering is allowed.
Wiring Considerations
Standalone inverters require very high current from a battery to operate large loads. A 2000 watt inverter running at full power in a 12 volt system will be drawing nearly 200 amps from the battery. Large cables and good connections are required for proper operation.
Use caution when plugging a small inverter into a lighter outlet located far from a battery. Typical DC house wiring may have insufficient wire sizes and too much voltage drop to supply the current required by these inverters. All battery-based inverters require proper fusing between the battery and the inverter.
Output Voltage
Most of the inverters we sell supply standard 120VAC 60
HZ. OutBack and Magnum inverters can be stacked in pairs for 240VAC, such as one gets from utility companies and fuel-powered generators. The Xantrex XW and the Magnum MS4448-AE deliver 120/240VAC power from one inverter. Most of them can be special ordered with other output voltages and frequencies for use anywhere in the world.
Interference
The electronic circuitry in inverters may cause problems with radio and television reception, noise on telephones and buzz in audio equipment. Sine wave inverters cause the least amount of interference. Interference can be minimized by locating the inverter very close to the batteries, twisting together the cables that connect the inverter to the battery, running AC lines separate from other wiring (such as telephone wires) and locating the inverter away from appliances that are susceptible to interference. All inverters cause interference on AM radio!
